Below is a list of words we shoul dlook for definitions to. Please have at least two definitions or two reactions to a defintion posted by Monday at 9 AM.
Malnourished
Poverty/Poor/Poverty Line
Hungry/Hunger
Food Security/Food Insecurity
Famine
Under-employed
Dependant
Hunger:
ReplyDeleteConsious Alliance defines hunger as the experience of not having enough food to eat, which in turn means the person isn't getting enough nutrients to lead a healthy life. Being in hunger would also mean that you are consuming less than 2,100 calories a day. Consious Alliance categorizes hunger into four categories:
1)chronic
2)acute
3)seasonal
4)hidden
Poverty line:
ReplyDeletehttp://aspe.hhs.gov/POVERTY/09poverty.shtml --this website shows who is considered in poverty based upon how many people are in the household and how much money they have. This is the chart they have on the website:
The 2009 Poverty Guidelines for the
48 Contiguous States and the District of Columbia Persons in family Poverty guideline
1 $10,830
2 14,570
3 18,310
4 22,050
5 25,790
6 29,530
7 33,270
8 37,010
For families with more than 8 persons, add $3,740 for each additional person.
Many programs use these guidelines, such as Food Stamp Program, Children's Health Insurance program, etc. These guidelines are updated every year.
1) MALNOURISHED
ReplyDeleteWebsite used: http://www.askoxford.com:80/concise_oed/malnutrition?view=uk
malnourished
• adjective suffering from malnutrition.
malnutrition
• noun lack of proper nutrition.
-These are obviously very rudimentary definitions that do not express the severity of the word "malnourished"/"malnutrition" so I decided to look up the symptoms of malnutrition as well.
Website used: http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/malnutrition/overview.html
-Malnutrition is the condition that occurs when a person's body is not getting enough nutrients. The condition may result from an inadequate or unbalanced diet, digestive difficulties, absorption problems, or other medical conditions.
**Causes**
Malnutrition can occur because of the lack of a single vitamin in the diet, or it can be because a person isn't getting enough food. Starvation is a form of malnutrition. Malnutrition also occurs when adequate nutrients are consumed in the diet, but one or more nutrients are not digested or absorbed properly.
Malnutrition may be mild enough to show no symptoms. However, in some cases it may be so severe that the damage done is irreversible, even though the individual survives.
Worldwide, malnutrition continues to be a significant problem, especially among children who cannot fend adequately for themselves. Poverty, natural disasters, political problems, and war all contribute to conditions -- even epidemics -- of malnutrition and starvation, and not just in developing countries.
2) POVERTY LINE/ POVERTY
ReplyDeleteWebsite used: http://aspe.hhs.gov/poverty/08Poverty.shtml
-There are two slightly different versions of the federal poverty measure:
The poverty thresholds, and
The poverty guidelines.
-The poverty thresholds are the original version of the federal poverty measure. They are updated each year by the Census Bureau (although they were originally developed by Mollie Orshansky of the Social Security Administration). The thresholds are used mainly for statistical purposes — for instance, preparing estimates of the number of Americans in poverty each year. (In other words, all official poverty population figures are calculated using the poverty thresholds, not the guidelines.) Poverty thresholds since 1980 and weighted average poverty thresholds since 1959 are available on the Census Bureau’s Web site.
-The poverty guidelines are the other version of the federal poverty measure. They are issued each year in the Federal Register by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The guidelines are a simplification of the poverty thresholds for use for administrative purposes — for instance, determining financial eligibility for certain federal programs.
Website used: http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/povdef.html
How the Census Bureau Measures Poverty
(Official Measure)
Income
used to compute
poverty status:
-Money income includes earnings, unemployment compensation, workers’ compensation, Social Security, Supplemental Security Income, public assistance, veterans’ payments, survivor benefits, pension or retirement income, interest, dividends, rents, royalties, income from estates, trusts, educational assistance, alimony, child support, assistance from outside the household, and other miscellaneous sources.
-Noncash benefits (such as food stamps and housing subsidies) do not count.
-Before taxes.
-Excludes capital gains or losses.
-If a person lives with a family, add up the incomeof all family members. (Non-relatives, such as housemates, do not count.)
Measure of need
(poverty thresholds):
-Poverty thresholds are the dollar amounts used to determine poverty status
-Each person or family is assigned one out of 48 possible poverty thresholds
-Thresholds vary according to:
Size of the family
Ages of the members
-The same thresholds are used throughout the United States(do not vary geographically)
-Updated annually for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).
-Although the thresholds in some sense reflect families needs...
-they are intended for use as a statistical yardstick, not as a complete description of what people and families need to live
-many government aid programs use a different poverty measure, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) poverty guidelines, or multiples thereof
-Poverty thresholds were originally derived in 1963-1964, using:
-U.S. Department of Agriculture food budgets designed for families under economic stress
-Data about what portion of their income families spent on food
Computation:
If total family income is less than the threshold appropriate for that family:
-the family is in poverty
-all family members have the same poverty status
-for individuals who do not live with family members,their own income is compared with the appropriate threshold
-If total family income equals or is greater than the threshold,the family (or unrelated individual) is not in poverty
Food security/insecurity:
ReplyDeleteAccording to the Conscious Alliance food insecurity is when one does not have the necessary nutritional food for everyday life. One may also not know when their next meal will take place.
On the other side of the spectrum food security is when an individual has the necessary means and food supply to obtain a healthy life.
Famine:
ReplyDeleteAccording to dictionary.com famine is...
1. extreme and general scarcity of food, as in a country or a large geographical area.
2. any extreme and general scarcity.
3. extreme hunger; starvation.
The International Famine Centre (http://www.ucc.ie/famine/About/abfamine.htm) says,
Famine entails more than a severe shortage of food and grotesque distortions of normal food prices. Famine features a deepening recession in the entire rural economy, one affecting production and exchange, employment, and income of farm and nonfarm households alike
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/underemployed.html
ReplyDeleteunder employed:
Person working full time at a job for which he or she is overqualified, or at a part time job for which he or she is qualified.
I also found an article from NPR that I think really describes what underemployment looks like. This brings up the idea of survival jobs. If any body wants to define "survival job" I think that may be interesting.
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=103380942
http://www.wcb.yk.ca/Help/Glossary.aspx
ReplyDeletedependant:
a member of the family of the worker who is wholly or partially dependent on the worker's earnings for the ordinary necessities of life, or who would have been dependent if not for the worker's work-related disability
Note: this does not necessarily have to child but can be a disabled person that needs care from the earner.
I know that there are other more general definitions of a dependent but I took this one because it related to the income and poverty piece. When you have dependants you can claim tax exemptions. Does anyone want to define how much that tax exemption is versus the average yearly cost of a child?
I went off of what Rachel said and looked up "survial job". The definiton I found was
ReplyDelete"Typically a low-end, low-paying job that a displaced job-seeker takes on a temporary basis (often as a last resort) to cover basic living costs, in order to survive and avoid bankruptcy -- or worse. "
source- http://www.redgoldfish.co.uk/viewglossary.asp?gid=347
This is what I would assum a "survial job" to be. Something you take on because there is no other option out there and you need to be able to provide for yourself.
Merriam-Webster online dictionary describes famine as...
ReplyDelete1 : an extreme scarcity of food
2 archaic : starvation
3 archaic : a ravenous appetite
4 : a great shortage
Famine is something that is clearly a problem for many people, and something that I don't feel is easy to grasp if you have not experienced it yourself. I found this website of youth that do "30 Hour Famine" to raise awarness of the issue and food for those in need. I thought it was intersting... here is the link.
http://www.30hourfamine.org/
Partners in Health, an NPO created by Paul Farmer, a world renowned anthropologist and physician defines food security in the following way: "Food security-the ability of all members of a community to access enough nutritionally adequate and socially acceptable food for an active, healthy life-helps ensure that communities, not just individuals, thrive".
ReplyDeleteFood insecurity then would be the inability to access food that meets Farmer's definition.
http://www.pih.org/what/IHSJ_Food_Security.html
Malnourished-
ReplyDeleteIt looks like the above definition of malnutrition is thorough, so I looked up the effects of malnutrition on the individual. The following is from The Food and Nutrition Bulletin of the United Nations University, by Reynaldo Martorell:
Children are most suseptible to the effects of malnutrition during periods of rapid growth, specifically between the ages of two and three. The stunting caused by malnutrition during this time cannot be corrected by nutritional therapy during the adolescent years.
Additionally, malnutrition can cause delayed or incomplete cognitive development and can lead to a lower IQ and poor performance in school.
Malnutrition also causes physical stunting resulting in reduced height, lean body mass,ability to perform physical work, and reduced cognitive development.
Decomposable Poverty-
ReplyDeleteWhile looking up definitions of poverty, I came across the term "Decomposable Poverty" and decided to look it up. All information is from http://jstor.org (The Econometrica Vol. 52).
Decomposable poverty is the practice of studying poverty by breaking down a population along ethnic, geographical, and other lines in order to "place requirements on the poverty measure other than those currently proposed."
In my interpretation of this definition, poverty is decomposed to study smaller sub populations of the population as a whole in order to better understand the intricacies of poverty.
One Word I thought would go along with what we are talking about is destitute. How do you define destitute?
ReplyDeleteAnother word to look at that I have came across when looking up other vocab words is extreme poverty. And what is cosidered extreme poverty vs. just poverty? or is there no difference?
ReplyDeleteunderemployed
ReplyDeleteA adjective
1 underemployed
employed only part-time when one needs full-time employment or at jobs inadequate with respect to their training or economic needs;
ex: "migrants are likely to be poor and underemployed"
"able people are kept underemployed"
Website: www.WordReference.com
Malnourished vs. Undernourished
Malnutrition refers to all deviations from adequate and optimal nutritional status. Malnutrition arises from deficiencies of specific nutrients or from diets based on inappropriate combinations or proportions of foods. Malnutrition can also result from excess nutrient losses or utilization.
The term 'undernutrition' is used to refer to generally poor nutritional status, but also implies underfeeding. Under-nutrition is caused primarily by an inadequate intake of dietary energy, regardless of whether any other specific nutrient is a limiting factor.
Website/Reference:http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1357303906004786
Malnutrition and Undernutrition
Medicine, Volume 31, Issue 4, Pages 18-22
P.SHETTY
In my search to define hunger I came across the definition of chronic hunger which, according to freedomfromhunger.org, is synonymous to food insecurity.
ReplyDelete"Unlike famine or period hunger due to war or natural disasters, chronic hunger is a persistant and insidious condition that can affect generations of people in a geographic region. Those living with chronic hunger face a host of conditions that go beyond lack of food or money."
The article also states that the effects of chronic hunger claim may more lives than famine each year.
www.freedomfromhunger.org/info/
By Julie Wattier:
ReplyDeleteThe Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary refers to dependent as:
-determined or conditioned by another
-relying on another for support
This term seems to be fairly relative however, for I am dependent on my parents, yet am not starving, unclothed, or have a lack of education. There are also people that are dependent on the money they receive from pan-handling and begging on the streets while others are dependent on various resources such as soup kitchens or the homeless shelter,
Hungry vs. Hunger
Hungry is defined by
1. having a desire, craving, or need for food; feeling hunger.
2. indicating, characteristic of, or characterized by hunger: He approached the table with a hungry look.
3. strongly or eagerly desirous.
4. lacking needful or desirable elements; not fertile; poor: hungry land.
5. marked by a scarcity of food: The depression years were hungry times.
6. Informal. aggressively ambitious or competitive, as from a need to overcome poverty or past defeats: a hungry investment firm looking for wealthy clients.
Verses Hunger:
" feeling experienced when one has a desire to eat."
In short, basically hungry is a physical craving verses hunger is the actual feeling and social condition associated with those in need of food. When entering them both into google, hungry was matched with many definitional websites while hunger has an entire wikipedia link, and many websites pertaining to an actual issue verses defining a simple word.
Famine: a severe shortage of food (as through crop failure) resulting in violent hunger and starvation and death
ReplyDeletehttp://www.wordreference.com/definition/famine
After looking up definitions of famine, I found a link leading to global famine.
On this website: http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=8877, there was an article written by Michel Chossudovsky. He writes:
Humanity is undergoing in the post-Cold War era an economic and social crisis of unprecedented scale leading to the rapid impoverishment of large sectors of the World population. National economies are collapsing, unemployment is rampant. Local level famines have erupted in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and parts of Latin America. This "globalization of poverty" --which has largely reversed the achievements of post-war decolonization-- was initiated in the Third World coinciding with the debt crisis of the early 1980s and the imposition of the IMF's deadly economic reforms.
The New World Order feeds on human poverty and the destruction of the natural environment. It generates social apartheid, encourages racism and ethnic strife, undermines the rights of women and often precipitates countries into destructive confrontations between nationalities. Since the 1990s, it has extended its grip to all major regions of the World including North America, Western Europe, the countries of the former Soviet block and the "Newly Industrialized Countries" (NICs) of South East Asia and the Far East.
This Worldwide crisis is more devastating than the Great Depression of the 1930s. It has far-reaching geo-political implications; economic dislocation has also been accompanied by the outbreak of regional wars, the fracturing of national societies and in some cases the destruction of entire countries. By far this is the most serious economic crisis in modern history. (Michel Chossudovsky, The Globalization of Poverty, First Edition, 1997)
In this article, he goes on to discuss the impact of genetically-modified seeds, and the impact they have on the on-going food crises in the world. It might be a good topic for someone to gather a bit more information on, and to discuss the effects these seeds have on the poor.
There are already a few solid definitions for malnutrition, so instead of defining it, I looked up both the causes and the ways to prevent malnutrition. From the WWD website:
ReplyDelete"Combined with poverty, malnutrition contributes to a downward spiral that is fuelled by an increased burden of disease, stunted development and reduced ability to work. Poor water and sanitation are important determinants in this connection, but sometimes improvements do not benefit the entire population, for example where only the wealthy can afford better drinking-water supplies or where irrigation is used to produce export crops. Civil conflicts and wars, by damaging water infrastructure and contaminating supplies, contribute to increased malnutrition."
Intervention techniques listed on the website include:
Improved water supply, sanitation and hygiene.
Health education for a healthy diet.
Improved access, by the poor, to adequate amounts of healthy food.
Ensuring that industrial and agricultural development do not result in increased malnutrition.
http://www.worldwaterday.org/wwday/2001/disease/malnutrition.html
For communities with few resources and steadily worsening conditions, these intervention techniques can be very difficult to implement, and results difficult to attain.
The medical dictionary at http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Malnourished+children defines Malnutrition as:
ReplyDelete"the condition that develops when the body does not get the right amount of the vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients it needs to maintain healthy tissues and organ function."
Some other important details about malnutrition are:
1. Infants, young children, and teenagers need additional nutrients.
2.Poverty and lack of food are the primary reasons why malnutrition occurs in the United States. Ten percent of all members of low income households do not always have enough healthful food to eat.
3.Malnutrition affects one in four elderly Americans, in part because they may lose interest in eating.
This information on malnutrition shows another side of the problem that I hadn't previously realized. With the Boulder Homeless shelter being one of the community partners for the class, it is important to realize that the homeless may have lack of resources to get enough food, but may also have a diminished appetite that makes it even harder to stay healthy.
Poverty/Poor/Poverty Line
ReplyDeleteThere were all ready some good posts on poverty but I found some interesting statistics to add about poverty on this website:
http://www.globalissues.org/article/26/poverty-facts-and-stats
-The poorest 40 percent of the world’s population accounts for 5 percent of global income. The richest 20 percent accounts for three-quarters of world income.
-Almost half the world — over three billion people — live on less than $2.50 a day
-At least 80% of humanity lives on less than $10 a day.
Number of children in the world:
2.2 billion
Number in poverty:
1 billion (every second child)
I found this information defining poverty in the U.S. on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_America
The most common measure of poverty in the United States is the "poverty threshold" set by the U.S. government. This measure recognizes poverty as a lack of those goods and services commonly taken for granted by members of mainstream society.
Poverty in the United States is cyclical in nature with roughly 12% to 17% living below the federal poverty line at any given point in time.
The first link on this post had a long page of facts regarding not only hunger and poverty, but other serious global issues affecting millions of people such as education and pollution. It is amazing how severe global stratification is and how many people live in poverty not only abroad, but right here in America as well. I had no idea that almost half of the world lives on less than $2.50 a day.
Please check your email for more information on how to prepare for class tomorrow. Thanks for reading and posting!
ReplyDeleteNeal
Malnourished- the affects on the body due to malnutrition, which would be lacking one or more basic nutrient, vitamin, or mineral necessary for proper organ function.
ReplyDelete(rather than poverty line)
Poverty Threshold- The official definition of poverty used by the government mainly for statistical data. The number was defined in 1963 by adding the costs of the different basic needs such as food, housing, medical care, and clothing. The costs of food were derived from the department of Agriculture’s numbers of their low cost and economy food plans. The low cost food plan “…by no means guarantees that diets will be adequate” and the economy food plan should be for emergency and temporary use.
http://www.ssa.gov/history/fisheronpoverty.html
Food security:
ReplyDeleteFood security for a household means access by all members at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life. Food security includes at a minimum:
The ready availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods.
Assured ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways (that is, without resorting to emergency food supplies, scavenging, stealing, or other coping strategies).
http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/FoodSecurity/measurement.htm
Food insecurity:
ood insecurity is limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways.
(Definitions are from the Life Sciences Research Office)
These definitions are from the USDA website, and is a government website which is why I chose those since they are secured and reliable.
But on the same website I also found some really interesting facts that I wanted to show...
In 2006, USDA introduced the new description “very low food security” to replace “food insecurity with hunger,” recognizing more explicitly that, although hunger is related to food insecurity, it is a different phenomenon. Food insecurity is a household-level economic and social condition of limited access to food, while hunger is an individual-level physiological condition that may result from food insecurity.
Lauren Black-
ReplyDeleteFamine:
ReplyDeleteA famine is a situation when a certain country or area doesn't have enough available food and related resources to feed its population. As a result many affected by the famine are undernourished and die of starvation or thirst. Famine is usually a problem of food distribution and poverty, rather than an absolute lack of food.
http://www.knowledgerush.com/kr/encyclopedia/Famine/
Hungry and malnourished individuals and groups are found on every continent, in every country and in most communities. According to the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, there are an estimated 800 million persons or 15 % of the global population who comprise the hungry in our World. Typically, “the hungry” simply do not have access to diets with adequate levels of energy or calories. Obesity and malnutrition typically result from consuming diets with excessive amounts of fat and sugar and which lack balanced levels of vitamins, minerals and fiber.
ReplyDeleteWe also recognized that the alleviation of hunger and malnutrition is closely linked to the alleviation of poverty. Where families and individuals have the knowledge, skills, resources, employment opportunities and adequate incomes, they will normally chose to use these to grow or purchase the food they need to feed themselves. Among the lowest income groups the most vulnerable to malnutrition are; pregnant and lactating women and infants and young children. Other causes of malnutrition are persons suffering from preventable and debilitating diseases including those caused from drinking contaminated water and from the growing scourge of HIV/AIDs.
http://www.alleviatehunger.org/hungry_malnourished.htm
Food Desert-
ReplyDeleteAreas with limited access to food, namely rural areas.
In the U.S., the increase of convenience stores and gas stations ensure that some type of food is accessible to almost all residents. However, the quality and pricing of food products available in convenience stores and supermarkets varies dramatically. Consumers purchasing food at a convenience store pay a premium for access to food products. Additionally, consumers choose from a smaller variety of food products that may not be suitable for the maintenance of a healthy diet.
http://srdc.msstate.edu/opportunities/grants/blanchard02_final.pdf